The Behavioral And Technical Approach Information Technology Essay

The Behavioral And Technical salute In embodimentation engineering science EssaySeveral viewpoints on development dodges illustrate that the study of cultivation systems is a field with multiple disciplines and therefore, no wizard theory or perspective goerns. Gener every(prenominal)y speaking, the field bottom of the inning be separated into behavioural and technical approaches. The sortal approach buns be broken go across blush further into sub-categories to include economicals, psychology, and sociology. The technical approach thunder mug akinwise be broken down into sub-categories to include oversight science, ready reckvirtuosor science, and trading trading operations research.A very important element of the culture systems field is multiform with behavioral issues that surface in the development and preservation of info systems. Problems like strategic logical argument creation, performance and utilization, and centering bednister non be fully exp lored with the models exploitation a technical approach. Behavioral disciplines such as economics, psychology, and sociology muckle to a fault contri thate vital c at a timepts and processes. For example, economists study breeding systems mainly interested in what impact systems bring forth on cost structures inside the line of descent and within its exceptional market. On the another(prenominal)wise hand, Psychologists be interested in how serviceman purpose bearrs comprehend and wasting disease randomness. Finall(a)y, sociologists study information systems looking for how groups and organic laws form the development of systems and also how these different systems affect individuals, groups, and validations ( tuition charge, 2010).The behavioral approach does not completely ignore engine room. In fact, information systems technology is frequently the motive for a special(prenominal) behavioral problem or issue. But ordinarily the heart of this approach is no t normally ge bed toward technical solutions. quite it centers on modification in attitudes, charge and schemeal policy, and behavior.Technical ApproachThe technical approach to information systems puts emphasis on mathematically found models to study information systems, in addition to the physical knowledge and abilities of these systems. The disciplines that diddle a role in the technical approach be computer science, perplexity science, and operations research. Computer science has to do with creating theories of computability, means of computation, and approaches to effective portal and storage of entropy. Management science highlights the growth of models for decision-making and management procedures. Lastly, operations research deals with mathematical methods for optimizing business issues such as inventory control, transportation, and operation costs (Information Management, 2010).Key Management ChallengesBuilding, operating, and maintaining information systems in todays fast-paced business world digest be very challenging. These get wind management challenges are based on a multitude of problems such as information system investments, strategic business decisions, orbicularization, information technology infrastructure, and ethics and security.Information organization Investment ChallengeIf managed intelligently, investments in information systems erect improve employees lives and a businesss overall performance. For instance, over the past twenty years the internet has developed form a technical innovation to a private and business necessity. Some businesss have recognized consider equal to(p) processions in touch information by changing from mainframe computing to personal computers attached by local area networks (LAN). The ability of software applications to identify and correlated pertinent data in a data warehouse allows businesses to introduce unidentified financial or physical resource births and therefore drive unatta ched suitable serviceance where there had been none. However, along with the ability to grow lives and organizations, or so information system investments can become risky, costly, wasteful mistakes. To take up over these challenges, senior management personnel involve to be able to succeederfully evaluate these investments to ensure the put return on investment (ROI) (Laudon Laudon, 2006).strategic Business ChallengeYou can pick up all management book and you can read about the significance of growing a strategic devise, and ideas about how to both develop and implement your purpose. On the other hand, you ordain also find articles that you imply that strategic broadcastning does not work because it is impossible to develop a long term plan in this ever changing business environment. In my opinion, the truth lies somewhere in between.Strategic planning can definitely help you get prepared on what you expect to accomplish over the next years, what things you exit nee d to accomplish those goals, and exactly how to go about accomplishing your goals. The trouble is that the benefits of strategic planning can be easily lost. These plans fail primarily because of what happens later on the process of strategic planning. In general, a great effort goes into creating and developing a strategic plan, which is then speedily put away and forgotten, even by the people that created it. The goal of strategic planning lies not just in the development of the plan, but also in its implementation. Implementing the strategic plan will tho work if you are clear about what this plan can bring to you and the organization.The strategic plan call for to have value, not notwithstanding to the organization, but also to the employees. The bottom line is that the plan demand to be used by anybody. A strategic plan needs to be used as a decision-making tool from the top of the organization all the way to the bottom. Chief Executive Officers ought to be able to use it to make decisions on the direction of their business, mergers, or staffing. Managers should also be able to use it to make decisions for the priorities of their departments goals and objectives, and to align the work of their department with the overall goals of organization. Lastly, every employee must be able to use the plan to recognize his or her own goals, and where they fit in big scheme of things. When implemented correctly, a strategic plan helps to add meaning and focus to not only every individual, but the organization as a whole (Information Systems, 2010). worldwideization ChallengeThe globalization of information technology warrants special attention by business executives, government officials and scholastic researchers for a multitude of reasons. First, is that information technology and systems are high-technology industries of considerable size and with significant authorisation for stimulating economic growth and jobs. The immediate growth in global trade and the rise up of an international economy require information systems that can pay off both the production and merchandising of goods and services in many another(prenominal) different countries. Second, access to the most up-to-date computer and telecommunications technology is central to belligerent success in nearly all industries. Government policies which deliberately or inadvertently retard technological progress in the production and use of computers, information systems and telecommunications have important economic effects. Third, given language barriers, cultural, and political differences among dissimilar countries, this focus often resulted in confusion and the breakdown of central management controls (Laudon Laudon, 2006). To overcome these challenges, it is imperative for organization to develop global hardware, software, and information systems standards. Additionally, organizations must be able to create global accounting and reporting methods and design worldwi de business processes.Information Technology Infrastructure ChallengeThis ill-tempered challenge for businesses deals with how organizations can develop information technology infrastructures that can sustain their goals when business situations are changing at a rapid pace. senescent infrastructure is obviously a huge issue in many industries that only gets bigger as time goes on. Some equipment may have had external upgrades or facelifts, but in most cases, it is over 70 years old. many another(prenominal) organizations are left with expensive and unmanageable IT platforms that cannot right away adapt to innovation and change. Additionally, a competitive business environment and the pressures of the global financial situation weigh increasingly on companies minds (Information Systems, 2010). To battle this challenge, some organizations may be required to redesign its organization and develop a new information technology infrastructure to survive in this competitive business w orld.Ethics and Security ChallengeOrganizations must eternally be cognizant that their information systems are used in both an ethically and socially responsible manner. Although information systems have provided many benefits, they have also created new ethical and security issues that must be addressed. Every improvement in information technology can be tied in with at least one ethical dilemma. From Facebook to ordering merchandise online, computer users are ignorant of the delicate balance between ethical behavior and profits. Businesses, software and hardware developers, and individuals must think about what is ethically correct when using information technology on a daily basis. The firsthand issues essential to the world of information technology are the individuals expectation of privacy and the providers ethical duty to use its applications responsibly (Information Systems, 2010). The challenges organizations will face will be how to apply high-quality assurance standard s to their information systems, as well as to their products and services. Additionally, they will have to develop information systems that are not only secure but that are still escaped to use by most individuals.Digital FirmsA digital debauched can be exposit as, One in which nearly all of the organizations significant business relationships with guests, suppliers, and employees are digitally enabled and mediate (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 11-12). The unattackables primary business processes are performed by digital networks encompassing the whole organization or connecting several different organizations.A core or primary business process can be defined as the minimum single tasks to be accomplished to provide a certain level of reliability in produce, without any thought to hardware, software, or performance. When a core process is put into practice, anything can be added to make the process more efficient, but nothing can be removed. On the other hand, a business process can be defined as, The set of logically related tasks and behaviors that organizations develop over time to produce specific business results and the unique manner in which these activities are organized and coordinated (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 12).Digital firms are extremely regnant because they can sense and react to their ever changing surroundings very much faster those traditions organizations. Because of their quick reaction and the fact that they are more universal than the traditional firm, digital firms are much more able to birth in unstable times. Because these new firms are completely digital, there hold up much more opportunities for them in the global business word.The net is quickly becoming the information system infrastructure of preference for electronic commerce. It offers organizations an easy way to connect with other business and individual at an implausibly low cost. Additionally, it offers a complete and uncomplicated set of technologies and technolog y standards that can be implemented by any organization. Organizations can use Internet technology to drastically cut their extend toment costs, time searching for buyers and deal outers, and collection information on products or services. This information is at the fingertips of anyone with a computer and access to the Internet.One example of a powerful digital firm has to be EBay. Following 2001, there were a high number of dotcom businesses that failed, but there were a few that held their ground, like eBay. The success of eBay is based on its capacity to transform many splintered, predominantly local markets into global ones at a comparatively low cost to its users (Simonsohn, 2010). People have incessantly had a basic need and an appeal in buying and selling used objects and collectibles items. Prior to eBay, people would have tried to sell their undesired items through family garage sales, classified ads, and flea markets. Nevertheless, the amount of people accessible to sell these items to was limited due to the fact that face-to-face proceedings were almost always required.Another great example of a powerful digital firm would be Google. Google isnt just legendary for producing and providing useful services, but it has also acquired a few innovative businesses and integrated them. These include YouTube, Blogger, Picasa and Jaiku. Google used its digital footing to take advantage of opportunities in the global business world, making them one of the most powerful businesses to date (Google, 2010).Types of Information SystemsFor most organizations, there are many different requirements for data or information. Senior managers continually need up-to-date information to help aide in their business decisions. Mid-level managers may need a bit more perioded information to assist them in monitoring and managing a multitude of different business dealings. Lastly, supervisors and employees with operating(a) roles need information in order for them to per form their everyday jobs. Consequently, organizations lead to have a number of information systems operating at the corresponding time. The three I will be discussing are the management information system (MIS), decision-support systems (DSS), and the transaction treat system (TPS).Management Information SystemA management information system (MIS) management information system (MIS)System used to extract data from a database and compile reports that help managers make routine decisions. obtains data from a database to compose reports, such as detail reports, summary reports, exception reports, and financial statements to assist managers in making crack decisions. The different types of reports depend on the specific information a particular manager may require. A MIS is largely involved with internal sources of information. MIS broadly speaking receive data from the transaction processing systems (TPS) and reduce it into a chronological sequence of management reports. MIS repo rts generally are used by mid-level managers and operational supervisors (Laudon Laudon, 2006).Decision-Support SystemsA decision support system (DSS)decision support system (DSS)Interactive system that extracts, integrates, and displays data from multiple sources to help managers make nonroutine decisions. is an interactive system that gathers, displays, and combines information from mixed sources to help managers make non-routine decisions. DSS are explicitly designed to help management make decisions in circumstances where there is doubt about the potential results of those decisions. DSS are made up of tools and procedures to help gather pertinent information and analyze decisions and alternatives. DSS often requires the use of complex spreadsheets and databases to produce what-if models (Laudon Laudon, 2006). traffic impact SystemsThe majority of organizations day-to-day activities are documented and processed by its transaction processing system (TPS)transaction processing system (TPS)Information system used to cross-file and process an organizations daily activities or transactions., which collect input data and changes them into output information meant for a variety of users. Input data are called transactions which are transactionsFinancial and nonfinancial events that affect a businessevents that affect a business. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) are intended to process everyday transactions accurately and efficiently. A business may have several transaction processing systems to include billing systems, payroll and tax payments systems, production and purchasing systems, or stock control systems to handle all movements into and out of the organization (Laudon Laudon, 2006).Challenges constitute by Information SystemsAlthough the many different types of information systems are available to an organization and can be extremely beneficial to its growth, there are some management challenges. Some of these challenges include the tension relat ed to calculating and building the information systems, the need for training for both management and employees, and the need to establish which information systems is the most critical, therefore which system receives the majority of the funding. For an organization to overcome these challenges they need establish exactly what is needed in impairment of information systems. Next, they need to schedule and provide proper training to all company personnel, so they are familiar with the systems. Finally, they need to develop a method of accounting for the cost of the systems and their priority.Key Enterprise ApplicationsMost organizations fence in an rapidly changing, aggressive, global environment. Operating in a global environment forces an organization to concentrate on the most cost-effective implementation of its processes, client service, and speed at which their products or services are brought to market. To achieve these lofty goals, it is essential that the organization fre ely exchange useful information across different functions, levels, and business departments. By incorporating all its processes, the organization can more effectively exchange information between departments, customers, and suppliers. The four key enterprise applications are enterprise systems, supply chain management systems, customer relationship management systems, and knowledge management systems.Enterprise SystemsEnterprise systems hold in the vital business processes of an organization into a separate software system. entropy from a variety of functional areas are centrally housed and maintained where they can be retrieved and utilized by other functional processes. This alters an organizations work flow. nowadays information can effortlessly run throughout the organization, increasing synchronization, efficiency, and decision making. Enterprise systems are extremely tricky to employ successfully and once employed, are especially hard to change. Enterprise systems, also kn own as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems solve problems by providing a single information system for organization-wide coordination and integration of key business processes (Laudon Laudon, 2006, p. 56).Supply twine Management SystemsSupply chain management (SCM) can be described as an overseeing of resources, information, and finances as they move form supplier to shaper to wholesaler to retailer and finally to the consumer. Supply chain management requires managing and integrate the information, goods, and services flow together within and amongst organizations. Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS) are used to help an organization manage its relationship with suppliers to optimise the planning, sourcing, manufacturing, and delivery of goods and services. SCMS supply information to aide suppliers, purchasing organizations, wholesale distributors, and logistic companies coordinate, schedule, and control business processes for their products and services (Su Yang, 20 10).Customer Relationship Management SystemsMany businesses make more profit from ongoing relationships with their customers than from the original sale. Customer relationship management (CRM) is a term applied to processes implemented by an organization to handle its contact with its customers. Customer relationship management systems (CRMS) concentrates on the coordination all of the business processes encompassing the organizations with its customers in sales, marketing, customer satisfaction, revenue optimizing services, and customer belongings (Laudon Laudon, 2006). In todays highly-competitive business surroundings, the success of an organization relies greatly upon maintaining and exceeding customer expectations for both service and value.Knowledge Management SystemsKnowledge management is the specific management of essential knowledge and information acquired by individuals so that it can be is effectively shared and made use of by other personnel in the organization. Thro ugh the successful sharing of corporate clever assets, Organizational Knowledge must be efficiently changed into business intellect. face-to-face knowledge concerning a business process must be born-again into corporate knowledge ensuring it applied throughout consistently, ensuring maximum benefit to the organization. The main function of a Knowledge Management System (KMS) must be to make information obtainable to all authorized users (Laudon Laudon, 2006). However, implementing a truthful information management system, file indexing and retrieval system is only the start. Securing corporate knowledge requires more than software and technology, it requires solid document management software and cultural alteration of how information is produced, handled, stored, and distributed.