How has the study of media and communications developed over the last Essay - 2

How has the study of media and communications developed over the last century - Essay physical exerciseAccording Elisa et al (1), many disciplines have contributed to the study and development of media and communications as well. The eldest work to be discussed is that done by Karl Marx. His influences on this discipline were less assertive. Notwithstanding, the works were very grand and well known in the analysis of media and communication (Atton 51).The theory of Marx is inclined to give a operose emphasis on how media and communication leads to situations of status quo among individuals (Elisa et al 1). This is opposed to many scholars who say that medias lineament in the society is to encourage plurality communicating freely. The fundamental characteristic of the Marxist theory is his bespeak of view on materialism, where Marx insists that social being is a great determinant of individuals awareness. According to his opinion, ideological perspectives of others are not corr ect on their claim that the social status of individuals determines right off their consciousness and awareness. The researchers view ideology as power of specific system to denote its own meanings as experienced (Ivan 78).Marxs position on ideology is that the media offers a great persuasion on the people of different groups to embrace capitalism as a inseparable aspect to them. Antonio Gramsci developed the concept of Marxism in 1920s and brought in a new idea of hegemony.Hegemony is a scenario where power relationship is received and regarded natural or seen as a common sense. Hegemony for example would include lifestyle programs that cover a localize of areas of domestic life as well as personal lives of individuals. This could further include programs like childrearing, frump training, clothing, cooking, among others (Emke 57).Chomsky and Herman found out that media has a way of manipulating populations such that they are prevented from being rebellious. They did achieve th is by manufacturing consents and dictatorial the audiences

Genetically Modified Food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Genetically Modified Food - Research Paper ExampleThis canvass stresses that American networks work promoted a notion construction method adept to extra permissive restrictive preferences than the Canadian environmental and evaluation networks. The distribution of capability and the interconnections between state and civil society actors have nourished extra this trend. USA capability has oerwhelmed EPA, a state actor with an inclination extra beneficial to legislation than advertising. The Canadian environmental chance evaluation network has fewer linkages that exist in admiration to civil society than USA networks, Canadian officers preferring global discussions to assemble their possess theory of sound scientific regulatory techniques. This paper makes a conclusion that various countries have different views in regards to genetically limited organism since it contributes to agricultural inventions in regards to globalization. GMO is significant for the development of countrie s development in relation to new technologies and globalization. Besides, GMO is a positive tie between the country and the farmers since it has increased economic realization of various countries all over the world such as US and Canada. Even though GMO has negative impact on agriculture, many scholars have contributed to positive research in regards to making it an excellent mode of agricultural laboratory practises. In the present world, spate are used to genetically modified food even though people do not know the effects it has on human beings as far as health is concerned.

Behavior, Needs, and Motivations in a Hotel Environment Essay

Behavior, Needs, and Motivations in a Hotel Environment - Essay ExampleOne of the recent trends in travel is in offering jet-propelled plane accommodations in which the lowest contact possible on the environment is applied to the experience. The following report has identified this potential trend and explores the ways in which the Radisson Edwardian Hotel in Manchester has met the needs of those interested in the topic of green travel and what ways in which it notify further exploit this trend. 2. Process of Market Research in the Hospitality Industry Marketing inquiry in the hospitality industry rat be conducted through a five step unconscious process define the problem and research objectives develop the research plan collect the teaching analyze the information and present the findings (Sudhir 2009, p. 41). Because the topic of this report is on sustainable and green industry trends, the concept of responsible trade will be taken into consideration as it is addressed by Sloan, Chen and Legrand (2006, p. 92) who state that on that point has been a shift away from the traditional methods of research towards a belief in the way in which marketing is produced should take a stakeholder point of view. The nature of the research should be to follow a concept from inception to application in order to assure it has produced an ethically viable result. Andrews (2009, p. 41) states that there are wholeness-third criteria that should be examined in order to justify creating a marketing research program. The research should be focussed on one or a combination of concepts that either define an exploratory topic that sheds scintillation on an issue, a descriptive result which will shed light on a phenomenon, or a casual inquiry that explores a hunch that might be a benefit in the industry. The research that is used for researching the impact of green practices on the satisfaction of a guest at a hotel is through a descriptive methodl in order to describe th e phenomenon of the trend and its impact on travel stays at a hotel. 3. Secondary Research Jenner and Smith (2008, p. 5) define green travel, in what is termed as a simple form, through stating that it involves traveling in such a manner as to do the least amount of harm to the environment. Travel, by its nature of using energy to get from one place to another, most often has a high impact on the environment. The idea is to minimize that impact as much as possible. According to Ching (2010), one of the best ways to create a green travel plan is to participate in a eco-friendly experience, engaging the out of doors with environmentally sustaining practices. However, it is not forever possible to plan a vacation or business trip with camping as the mode of accommodations. The hotel industry has engaged the concept of green practices in order to present themselves as being environmentally friendly. As exampled in Table 1, which is table 6.4 from Yudelson (2008, p. 117), there are a se ries of ways in which green practices will benefit a hotel from a business point of view. As an example, in the get together States, the Hilton Hotel in Vancouver, Washington received certification at the silver level for a modest investment funds in each room which provided ten times that in publicity returns (Yudelson 2008, p. 117). Seemingly small activities can provide a large benefit towards both green accreditation and towards

Health Needs Assessment Proposal (2,000 words) Essay

Health Needs Assessment Proposal (2,000 words) - Essay ExampleHNA for the ii boroughs getting started, identifying health priorities, assessing the health priority, planning for change and lastly reviewing the entire process.Newham is the about ethnically various borough in capital of the United Kingdom, experiencing the highest birth rate and having one of the highest rates of deprivation, ill health and early deaths (NHS 2009, pp. 91). According to Aston-Mansfield.org (2011, p. 4) the most recent data on employment in Newham indicates that it had the lowest employment rates in London, rest at 56.2% in 2008-09 and 59.5% in 2009-10 in comparison to Londons averages of 62.7% and 68.1% for the two years respectively. The diverse culture and high levels of deprivation and unemployment translate to existence of several health problems and health inequalities in Newham and then lower health and wellness levels than Londons average.Redbridge on the other hand enjoys a resembling or better health and well-being than Londons or Englands average as evidenced by significantly lower levels of most health considerations such as drug abuse, accidental injuries and teenage conceptions and generally a greater life expectancy (JSNA 2008, p. 58). The borough is similarly considerably multicultural, and bears health inequalities and problems (Trust for London and New Policy Institute 2010, Redbridge 2007, pp. 74-75). The decision to select these two boroughs was informed by the fact that they region a lot of considerations in terms of health needs assessment and yet have only different health achievement profiles.The considerations for this step include the choice of population and the justification, the objectives of the HNA, the stakeholders to be involved, the resources required, the challenges and ways around them and lastly appraisal of the step (Cavanaugh and Chadwick 2005, p. 23). The populations selected in this proposal are the inhabitants of Newham and Redbrid ge boroughs. The subpopulations under question in both the boroughs are the

Unemployment in UK auses and effects on economy Assignment

Unemployment in UK auses and effects on parsimoniousness - Assignment ExampleUnemployment is genius of the ch anyenging and stern issues that usually effect a state of matters economic development in negative manner and the countries having high rank of unemployment often face sharp economic downturn. In this regard the paper presents an overview of the unemployment situation in the coarse and discusses the causes and effects of unemployment on the economic development of the country. Furthermore, the paper overly describes some possible ways that digest jock the country in reducing the unemployment rate.This paper is intended to identify the main causes of unemployment in the get together Kingdom.The history of unemployment in the UK tells that during Great Depression the rate of unemployment was very high in the country. It reached to the aim of 25 percent but aft(prenominal) that time, unemployment rate used to remain at low level and with the help of different policie s and strategies the government of the UK succeeded to attain more or less full employment level until 1970s. However, after oil prices fluctuation in 1970s the unemployment rate was also badly affected and gradually it began to cost increase. The young rise in the unemployment rate is highest during the last decade and the country is facing worst situation with approve to unemployment crisis in the country (Pettinger, p2, 2009). The following table shows the United Kingdom unemployment rate during last three days and it is clearly seen in the table that unemployment rate is continuously increasing in the country with each freeing year. YearJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec20093.8020082.502.502.502.502.602.602.702.802.903.103.303.6020072.902.902.802.802.702.702.602.602.602.602.502.5020062.802.902.902.902.903.003.003.003.003.002.902.90The recent statistics also show that the unemployment is recorded at highest rate in last eight years. The rate of unemployment is rising at al arming pace ascribable to which the year 2009 is also expected as a stagnant year for the economy of United Kingdom. (Monaghan, p1, 2008) The country while responding towards the global pecuniary crisis is witnessing worst situation of unemployment and there is high level of concerns and worries at all level regarding the rise of unemployment rate. The following chart shows the current situation of unemployment in the country that is expected to rise even more.Causes of Unemployment in United Kingdom Unemployment is closely related with the economic development of a country. When economy faces recessions, the rate of unemployment also increases. Thus, the economic recession is the major cause behind the high rate of unemployment in the UK and it is expected that if the UK will face deep economic recession in 2009 then the unemployment will also reached the level of 3 million. (Pettinger, p2, 2009) Hence, the recent economic instability can be sought as one of the major causes of u nemployment in the UK. Furthermore, the confidence crunch is also viewed as an important cause of rise in the unemployment rate in the country. Due to market uncertainty it has become difficult for the investors to get loans and credits from the banks and financial institutions. The financial instruments in the UK economy are witnessing worst effects of global financial crisis due to which the credit and mortgage market is also going through a recession phase. The banks in the UK are forthwith reluctant towards lending loans, credits and mortgages to the people and business that led to reduction in the consumer spending. The investment level is also very low and many of the bid investment projects are delayed. This entire situation is answerable for reduction in productivity and demand for labor in the country.

Reduce and Address the Issue on Gang Violence in Chicago Research Paper

Reduce and Address the Issue on junto Violence in Chicago - Research Paper ExampleFrom the report it is clear thatgang strength has reduced both in low and high annoyance areas, there remain regions where violent crime enjoin is stile unacceptably high. Some of the gangs specialize in expressive power while others specialize in instrumental violence.This discussion stresses that Chicago registered the most murders than any other city in America. The rising homicide rate is attributed to the influx of illegal guns and gang violence. Gang violence is connected to disputes and turf wars and it seems that the problem largely affects the geographically and socially isolated neighborhoods. The incidences of gang violence mainly affect those living in the West and the southbound sides of the city. Although incidences of gang violence have declined considerably, the city is faring badly compared to other gang-infested cities such as Los Angeles and New York. This newspaper examines the history, prevalence and the solutions to the problem of gang violence in the Chicago city. The paper also examines how gang violence can be reduced through follow-up re-entry programs and community prosecution strategies.The origin of gangs can be traced to the East Coast in 1820s and thereafter, in the Midwestern regions including Chicago and Los Angeles. The problem of gang violence in the United States is as old as humanity itself. The New York City is considered as a harbor of the gangs in the country, and the emergence of gang-like groups began in late 1700s.

Prove why this merger would be beneficial for the company Essay

Prove wherefore this merger would be beneficial for the play along - Essay ExampleThus, a company that merges with a competing pie-eyed go away benefit from economies of scale, market penetration, and diversification.When the two firms come together to form a single firm, the output signal increases and the average costs reduce. Budgets for activities such as marketing might be lowered. The new company reveres increase purchasing power, leading to lowering of the costs of raw materials and other things. Consumers, therefore, enjoy the cut prices due to the reduced costs. One of the different economies of scale that the merger will bring includes the bulk buying the merged company will enjoy discounts that come with purchasing large quantities of raw materials. The company will also enjoy a better rate of interest and hence boost its financial position. Additionally, the company will enjoy from technical economies especially if the firm has significant fixed costs since the av erage costs reduce. Furthermore, the merger will reduce organizational costs since they will merge their operational officer (Tejvan, 2014).The companies will quickly bother more customers than before since they have merged their marketing, sales and distribution efforts. If the individual firms had demonstrated success in separate markets, the merger would benefit greatly. For instance, the merger of American automaker Chrysler Corp. and the German automaker Daimler-Benz enabled the new firm, Daimler-Benz, to cut through markets in both North America and Europe. If both companies competed initially in the same market, they might denounce to enjoy the benefit of market penetration since the customers will still see them as separate (Reddy, 2011). Thus, meeting of companies that operated in various geographic markets may be more beneficial than those that worked in the same market. meeting allows companies to either combine or start producing a variety of goods and services. Busi nesses that produce the same products or hug drug similar

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 18

International Business - Essay ExampleAlthough many scholars consider worked to identify what the phenomenon of globalization is, they all have very conflicting views on what it actually is. The childlyst way to describe the word has been done by Laurence e. Rothenberg who describes it as the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of different nations. This process has effects on human well-being (including health and personal safety), on the environment, on culture (including ideas, religion, and political systems), and on economic development and prosperity of societies across the world.Next it is important to identify how this came into being. The sudden rise in globalization can be attributed to the advances in communication technology. People all over the world fate to remain connected with everyone, regardless of location and time. This means that now there scope of knowledge and cultivation has broaden ed beyond their own city/country. People are now aware of the latest trends and happenings and this creates a simple need of wanting those same things in their own country. This has been identified by various corporate entities that odour to expand their operations into other countries and tap into this prepared customer base. There are many advantages to globalization, many of them areThe integration of rich and poor nations is not a zero-sum game where the gains of one come at the expense of the other. Driven by the rapid democratization of information, technology, and finance, globalization is turning out to be a remarkably progressive, liberating forceGlobalization helps break the regressive taboos responsible for discriminating against people on the footing of gender, race, or religious beliefs. It is an antidote to the intolerant fundamentalism that oppresses millions of the worlds poorestGlobalization causes the poor citizens having more

Social Learning Theory (one of the communication theories) Assignment

Social acquisition Theory (one of the communication theories) - Assignment ExampleFor instance, when the demeanor model displayed violent words and actions towards the Bobo doll, the children did the same. The method convoluted 36 boys and 36 girls. The children were from 3 to 6 years of age. The first group of participants (24 boys and girls) were make to observe a model who exhibited aggressive actions and words towards the Bobo doll. Meanwhile, the second group of the same population were made to watch a non-aggressive model. Finally, the last group was treated as the control batch and had no exposure to any models. The conclusions indicated that the children who were made to observe an aggressive model tended to exhibit more similarly violent behaviors. Interestingly, gender had a crucial influence. If the role model was male, the girls showed more physical aggression. On the other hand, if the role model was female, the girls displayed more oral hostility. However, in that respect is no signifi locoweedt difference between girls and boys levels of verbal aggression. In addition, boys emulated role models of the same elicit more as compared to girls. Bandura furthered that observational learning involves a live, verbal, or symbolic models. This means that exemplars may be live people or animals, auditory directions, or characters that may be seen in different kinds of media such as movies and books. The process starts with heed which entails interest on the part of the observer. After significant amount of attention is paid to the stimulus, retention ensues. This implies that the learner encodes observed information in his memory. Reproduction then happens when the observed behaviour gets replicated by the learner. Motivation comes into play when the observer experiences reinforcement after the reproduction. A learner may geminate the observed behaviour after a reward. Secondly, an individuals mental condition is essential. Aside from immaterial rewards, internal reinforcement enhances a persons motivation to pay attention to the model. When one can feel and think satisfied as a result of observing, the social learning will be more successful. Thirdly, observational learning does not always lead to a change in behaviour. unexampled knowledge can be earned without palpable alterations in ones actions. Social learning theory began as an attempt by Robert Sears and others to meld psychoanalytic and stimulus-response learning theory into a comprehensive explanation of human behaviour, drawing on the clinical richness of the former and the rigor of the latter (Grusec, 1992, p.776). though Bandura is most opulently related to this theory, it actually originated from Sears. The history dates back to the time of Sigmund Freuds psychoanalysis. In 1935, there was a major movement that sought to unify learning and psychoanalytic theories. This resulted to Sears focus on socialisation as significant aspect of the research. Particul arly, he found out that children were being affected by the milieu that he encounters day by day. Children adapt the values and attitudes that their parents portray. Bandura agreed with some assertions of Sears but went against some. Bandura is clearly the mind heir of Sears, influenced by but also reacting against the tradition that Sears represented (Grusec, 1992, p.776). Together, the two experts utilize learning concepts in explaining how humans develop socially. Sears was more of the

Shipping Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Shipping Economics - Essay ExampleMarx (1953) describes it as agreements organised by shipping lines to manners of skirt to arrange the pooling of cargo, freight monies or net earnings. They generally control prices, i.e., freight rates and passenger fares. They pull in a permanent body with a Chairman or Secretary. The conferences were either in black-tie (oral) or formal (written), containing care overflowingy established rights and obligations of membership. Such an authority to set and fix the price gives them the power of a compact to monopolise the industry.The shipping industry has evolved from birth and continues to evolve in the wings of technological advances. Globalisation has interpreted place, and as shared by Notteboom (2004, p.86), it is reshaping the shipping industry.According to Jansson and Shneerson( 1987, p16), the line drive shipping is geared towards providing regular function between miens following time-tables, and prices are advertised well in advance . It resembles a public transport organization wherein the service is open to all with some cargo to carry, known as general cargo which are transported in different packaging, such as pallets, boxes, barrels, crates. Providing such service requires extensive logistics, i.e., ships/vessels, loading and unloading equipment and agencies to broker the port operations. The liner is bound to keep its schedules and be stringent in implementing its policies, thus, it has to leave ports on schedule full or half-full in load capacity. The high cost of operating a shipping line is fixed. The salaries of managers, engineers and crew members, the port handling expense, and other administrative and operational expenses are regularly paid regardless of whether the vessel is full to capacity, or there are large or small stocks to carry when sailing. This creates supply and demand imbalance, a market condition which would either push prices upward or pull them downward, as the case may be. In thi s particular case, there is an excess vessel capacity (supply quantity) with respect to actual load (quantity demanded), a situation which triggers a downward trend of freight rates or conference tariffs. Profits accept been low and relatively small in liner shipping. Under a loose market condition, barter losses may even be incurred.The problem is compounded by the inability of carriers to make strong turn-arounds to be able to expurgate costs and operate at marginal profits. Sturmey (1975, p125) stresses that the best approach to reduce shipping costs lies in speeding up the turn-around of ships. Liners spend 60% of time in port cargo handling, a complete waste of expensive capital tied up in engines, adaption and hull. The inefficiency of handling in both loading and discharging ports causes the congestion of ships at the wharf rendering it grueling for them to make another round or more of sailing. Container

The Writers of the Beat Generation and their Role in Rebellion and Research Paper

The Writers of the rhythm multiplication and their Role in Rebellion and Reflection - Research newspaper ExampleThis research paper describes the Beat Generation, that was a period in American history where writers broke by the barriers of censorship, and were capable to present views that explored the taboos of the time and helped to spur on a revolution. The purpose of this essay is to catch at the revolutionary nature of the Beat Generation, particularly the writers from this period in American history, and consider the direction in which these writers presented views that were controversial. In addition, the researcher of this paper considers the slipway that the writers spurred on rebellion within their environment, which had previously been face to high levels of censorship. The approach of the researcher to examining this topic consists of multiple aspects presented. This capstone essay also considers the ways in which the Beat Generation succeeded, and where it fail ed. The first aspect will be to examine literature and research that has been through with(p) on this time period to consider the way in which the writing and behavior of the Beat Generation would have been understood within its context. The second component is examining the literature itself, and also responses to this literature within peer-reviewed papers. entirely information gathered will be directly related to the thesis in an attempt to tolerate strong support for the argument. One approach that may be taken is to consider a few specific authors from this period and to consider the way that their work contributed the rebellion and revolution in this period. Thesis controversy The Beat Generation was a period in American history where writers broke through the barriers of censorship, and were able to present views that explored the taboos of the time and helped to spur on a revolution. Preliminary Annotated Bibliography Arthur, Jason. Allen Ginsbergs Biographical Gestures. Texas Studies in literature and Language. (2010). 52.2, 227-446. Print. This journal article is an interesting examination of the biography published by Allen Ginsberg in 2006, who is one of the nearly well-known Beat Generation. The author discusses in detail the approaches that Ginsberg takes in crafting his biography, and what is interesting about these approaches. This article provides a useful examination into the way a prominent Beat Generation writer is perceived both by himself and by an outside observer a significant time after his generation has passed. Huddleston, Diane M. The Beat Generation They Were Hipsters Not Beatnicks. Department of History seminar paper. Western Oregon University, 2012. Web. This capstone paper considers the ways in which the Beat Generation succeeded, and where it failed. The author considers the motives of this generation and how their intent was misunderstood by the society most them. One important aspect about this piece of literature is i t considers the way that the Beat Generation and its impacts progressed through San Francisco, providing detailed information about critical events during this time. Lagaron, Elizabeth M. Blessed are the Pure of Heart Variations on witching(prenominal) Realism in the Beat Generation Pathways to Critique and Resistance. Dissertation. University of Kansas, 2009. Web. This dissertation provides an in-depth examination of various aspects of the Beat Generation, including literary works, and considers how magical realism was applied through their work. The author focuses on three key writers from the Beat Generation, Diane di Prima, Elise Cowen and maw Kerouac. The author also considers the influence of this on the social realities that the authors faced, something that is highly relevant to this paper. Peters, Nancy J. The Beat Generation and San Franciscos Culture of Dissent. In, Reclaiming San Francisco History, Politics, Culture. James Brook, Chris Carlsson, Nancy J. Peters eds. 19 98. San Francisco, CA City Lights Books. Print. This article considers the impact that the Beat Generation had on a specific area of the United States. Peters examines the way in which San Franciscos culture led to the prevalence of such(prenominal) dissent, and likewise considers the way that the Beat Culture shaped San Francisco. The article also discusses specific pieces of literature that appeared within the period, and chronicles some of the important events. Pokharel,

American Presidents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Presidents - Assignment ExampleOut of the eighteen republican presidents, only three of them were 50 historic period of age or slight while seven presidents were elected on the Democratic troupe ticket with 50 years or less in age. Q4. The total number of presidents who were 50 years or less at their condemnation of inauguration was 9. The number of American presidents who served one term or less was 23 out of the total 44 presidents. Most of these presidents were assassinated while still in office. Q5. Out of the 23 there was only one Republican president elected while less than 50 years of age and served less than one term. Q6. The American presidents who were elected on a Republican Party ticket and were over 50 years at their time of inauguration were 15. Q7. In the wide-cut Us history, there were only nine presidents who were 50 years or less at the time of inauguration and out of these three were Republican and seven Democrats. Q8. There has been a total of 21 pre sidents in the US who served more than one term in office with one of them going for three terms.

PMP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

PMP - Essay ExampleIn this marketing plan, I piss reflected on my qualifications in the hospitality industry that would advance the industry. I submit similarly discussed my major strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats relating to this field. I have mentioned all the relevant skills and k straight off conductge that I have acquired to ensure best success in the industry. If well read, it is work worthy to be acknowledged and appreciated as it understandably reflects all my skills, qualifications and knowledge relevant in the financial celestial sphere. I believe that with my expertise and experience, I brush off be an asset to the touristry industry. Introduction This marketing plan shows all my skills and qualifications relevant in the tourism industry. Tourism is an extremely crucial area in todays world because of the increasing petition in the industry with more people trading world wide. As a matter of fact, the sector of the tourism in the world is one of mo st diversified, and this is evidenced by high level of education in the various sectors such as hotel, game parks and game reserves, museums, historical sites and archives among others. With this miscellanea of developing world, it then means that people should be always fore sighted, and every time, be groundbreaking so as to come up with more advanced tourist industries. I chose this sector because I have the knowledge and expertise with regard to it and fully familiar with it (Pink 18). In addition, I am rabid and have a lot of interest in the hospitality industry. By having hospitality knowledge, I tummy work anywhere in the world and advance the industry with my skills and talent. Also the hospitality industry offers on the table working hours and a total pay while still having fun. Business is a major anguish today due to the increased trading activities all over the world. Such activities have led to the development of the hospitality which is universal making the la rgest job provider in the world. In the developed countries like U.S.A, it has created a large number of jobs compared to the developing countries. The quality of living has improved because of the hospitality industry. Also people have started recognizing the essence of the hospitality industry unlike in previous years. Creativity and innovation have authentically transformed the industry. Also, strong marketing campaigns such as promotions, advertising and public relations have led to the advancement of the hospitality industry. There is the issue of work permit that one should have in ordering to be legible to work in the tourism industry. Such legibility is an investment and requires capital. Therefore, failure to have it may disqualify you to work in the industry. This is the best chance, for me to venture in tourism filed because I do an application for donation by an international NGO and it promised to fund me after I take my proposal. I can then not pretend and waste thi s opportunity. I also want to venture now because I had been given out a proposal plan concerning the tourism industry in many processing companies when I orally informed them about my plan. Other companies have also requested me to figure the techniques applied in acquiring the tourism industry and this means a good cash and good experience, as well. Personal mission statement My core values are Integrity, Honesty, Dedication, creativity and Innovation, Efficiency and Effectiveness. My peck is to get the best from the

What drives social entrepreneurs Research Proposal

What drives complaisant entrepreneurs - Research Proposal ExampleSocial entrepreneurship (SE) in most countries is defined as an activity that aims to move the human life and seek a solution to the social problem. A social enterprise could be both for-profit and not-for-profit (see for instance, Ridley-Duff & Bull, 2011), though often the profit is reinvested into the business or the society. Social entrepreneurs work beside public institutions and mobilize the innovation and wealth for the private sector where it is needed in shorter time and with fewer hierarchies. The question for this inquiry is not what role they play in the society, but what be the factors and forces that drive the motivation in pot to become social entrepreneurs. Social entrepreneurs vary in their patterns of thinking, quantity, and intensity of social entrepreneurship (Light, 2005). In order to deplete a thorough understanding of the skills, capabilities, and tendencies of social entrepreneurs, it is i mperative that their behavior and thinking is analyzed in detail. This search is directed at achieving this goal by studying the variations and modifications in the behavior and thinking of a elephantine sample of social entrepreneurs from a variety of backgrounds. Exploring social entrepreneurs perceptions of life and commitment provides guidelines for providing entrepreneurial education and facilities that are not built merely for purposes and the benefit of shareholders but also for the social and economic well-being of people.This sectionalization provides a review of the past search on the subject that paved the way for framing the research question. The field of social entrepreneurship is rather new and many scholars think there is dearth of theories and studies about it, though many mutually consent that the field proceeds quickly and has room for development (Lehner & Kansikas, 2011).Zahra et al. (2009) defined ternion categories for social entrepreneurs, each having a

Leading Strategic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

spark advance Strategic Change - Essay ExampleMittal Steel Company is regarded as the largest producer of brand in the world in terms of the production volume. The company, however, is placed second in terms of the annual dollar volume behind Arcelor, its closest rival. The company is headquartered in Rotterdam, and is owned by Lakshmi Nivas Mittal. The company started during the late 1970s an earlier 1980s and has since grown on to become one of the most powerful nerve conglomerates by owning steel plants in all the continents. The company was recently in the news over its attempt to merge with Arcelor steel, the argue being finalized on 25th June, 2006. The merger, when completed, will catapult the new company (which will thereafter be known as Arcelor-Mittal) to the position of numero-uno with a global share of nearly 17% in the steel production arena (Financial Times, June 23, 2006). The reason for choosing this company has been multi-faceted given the fact that the positio n achieved by the Mittal group on a lower floor Mr.Mittals leadership has been something phenomenal over the last decade, which has seen it grow from nowhere to commanding the largest share in one of the most profitable industrial sectors in the world (Research and Reports, 2006). These will become clearer as the look for progresses.The first aspect that will be discussed under this section will be the use of fella compendium to study the various factors that have been contributing to noticeable changes in Mittal Steel over the years. This analysis will take into consideration the interior as well as the external changes that have contributed to the increment of the company to the position it enjoys today. The analysis will also need to perform an analysis of the micro as well as the macro environment, which have been known to play a role. In terms of the internal changes, Mittal steel is known to adopt a very well-known procedure that has contributed to its growth both in ter ms of size as well as in

Culture and Care Value Base Essay Example for Free

Culture and C are comfort lowly EssayIn this assignment I am going to examine and explain my own person-to-person set and principles influence my own pop off in professional practice. I testament compare my principles and determine with the Northern Ireland Social solicitude Council codes of practice and the parcel out treasure Base. The NISCC and the Care Value Base collect many similar codes of practice which any health and social care practiti wizardrs should adhere by and buy the farm with. The determine I face that are relevant indoors my ensure of healthcare and at bottom my received status are confidentiality, dignity and respect, useful communication, anti-discriminatory practice and culture and beliefs. In researching NISCC codes of practice and the Care Value Base, I have found that their values are also similar to my own values within my care practice.The first value I am going to discuss is confidentiality. According to the Care Value Base main taining confidentiality of information is an measurable part of caring. Any information clients give is private and confidential. Individuals need to be aware of what they say to other carers and clients and also who have access to client files.Previously undergoing pass devour in the stroke ward I found that all patients medical information is on a clipboard on the front of their bed, anyone could read this information, I feel the patients confidentiality isbeing breached.During my bring in placement at Ceara School, I observed that each pupil has individual care folders within school these are kept in a secure filling cabinet and only the members of staff who are looking after a particular pupil is allowed access, I feel this is very good practice to wield confidentiality.Within my placement I feel my values would be similar to the Care Value base, if a swear out user informed me of private information I would keep it to myself to build trust and say-so unless the individu al or others were at harm.The second value that I feel is most important and relevant to my have and work placement is effective communication. According to NISCC, one of their codes of practice is to communication in an appropriate, open, hi-fi and straightforward way. Within my work placement you have to have recognition and respect of the pupils opinions and ideas so they gain confidence within you and be more comfortable to trounce. You also have to talk respectfully and use a lot of humor and creativity to keep them interested. On a invariable basis there are group conversations and also one to one conversations, simple language is employ that is easily understood and additionally open questions are applied to develop the conversation.With having previous work experience in Craigavon range Hospital I have learnt the importance of communication. Many doctors used jargonistic terms, which bathroom be very hard for patients to understand, I consider this to be ineffective c ommunication.I feel my values are comparable to those of the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I think that my value of communication within my work placement will come across positively. While in placement I make the verbalizer feel heard and understood, I make sure to create an environment where pupils feel safe to take out ideas opinions and feelings. I keep suitable eye contact and show interest in what is being utter and sure my posture is open andinviting.The Care Value Base deems that it is important to ack straightledge an individuals private beliefs and identity. The NISCC feel that respective diversity and contrary cultures and values are very significant and can have long affects on a persons care. I went to an integrated secondary school with many cultures and religions. I took part in a multi-cultural day in school, I got to see other communities and cultures and what they believed in, this widened my views and changed my opinions of diverse religions.While i n Craigavon Area Hospital completing work experience I learned that meals and meal times were very important in some religions and culture. Some individuals were vegetarian I had to be very respectable of their culture and identity. They were supplied with a antithetical menu with different foods that they could choose this march ons the right of choice and independence.Before my work placement commenced I hoped that the employees and pupils had the same(p) value as myself in consideration of different cultures and are open to express their beliefs and identity and be proud of who they are.My next value is extremely important in my care practice and that is upheld by NISCC and the Care Value Base is anti-discriminatory practice.Anti-discriminatory practice is action to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, grammatical gender and disability. Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discriminatory policies in different situati ons of work. http//uk.ask.com/question/what-is-the-definition-of-anti-discriminatory-practiceThe Care Value Base describes one of their values by promoting anti-discriminatory practice and to protect the individual from abuse.There are many pieces of legislation that are in place to protect individuals from discrimination including the Disability Act 1995, Human Rights Act,Equality Act 2010 and the Children (Northern Ireland) rig 1995. In my work placement I will work in an anti-discriminatory way, I will non discriminate or judge the service users on their gender, race, class or disability. I believe everyone is different and we all have rights set in place to prevent us from being discriminated against.While chore work experience in Craigavon Area Hospital, disabled individuals were protected from discriminatory practice, there were lifts and ramps so all wheel chairs could access the building. There were wide and automatic doors so wheel chairs could get through them with no d ifficulty, although I feel this is very good practice there was also bad practice within the hospital. I consider individuals with different religions and languages were discriminated against. There were no interpreters for different languages then the patients didnt know what had happened or what was about to happen.I feel my values obstruct those of the Care Value Base and I envisage my values will come across positively within my work placement. I feel my personal culture and experience has influenced me in many different ways in encouraging users of services and others in health and social care settings.My parents have taught me from a young age to say please and convey you and to be respectful to others. I have grown up knowing these simple values and therefore it has influenced me to show dignity and respect to all service users.Although I am of a Catholic orbit and practice the Catholic faith, I went to an integrated primary school and secondary school with many differe nt religions and cultures. I now have an understanding of other cultures within health and socials care settings and I am able to accept other religions and their beliefs. I believe this have had a positive influence on my personal culture and experience.When I was in primary school, I met my best friend, he was homosexual. My parents were quite fag of this as they didnt like the way he dressed andacted.They came to the terms of his sexual orientation and sure him because I have had the privilege of meeting him it has allowed me to open my eyes to all sexual edicts. When working(a) and supporting users of health and social care service I wouldnt mind what sexual ordination the service user was, I would not discriminate against them. I would promote and uphold my values to protect them from harm.From experience I know many people have been discriminated on because of their gender. Some individuals will not be chosen for a particular job because they are male/female. Service users are also judged on their sexual ordinations, recently in the news according to Poots, Northern Irelands Health Minister he verbalize that all gay men are not allowed to give blood. I feel this sexual ordination is being discriminated against, it is very bad practice and defeats the purpose of legislation created to protect individuals from this happening. I will promote and uphold my values to protect individuals from being discriminated against. http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-15014823I think a pedophile and a murder would cause a barrier in the care setting I am working in. I have grown up knowing that they are bad from family, friends and the media. This may affect and hinder my work but as I am now aware of this negative point I need to work on this barrier. I can not make an assumption until I work and understand them, until then, I will try not to judge this group.New developments and changes to personal values can have a major impact on working in the Health an d Social Care sector. Firstly a new development of mine is starting a new course I have met new people and got to know them. Working in different practices can impact work in a care setting, partnership can be developed and new skills can be gained. I have started a new placement in Ceara School, I am very harebrained to see if it is the right area of health and social care I want to do encourage studying in. I feel this experience can be very education and rewarding.This experience will help me in my future and will give me a good start. I can now see that it is the first time I have looking at my values thoroughly and mull overed on them, Iwill challenge my values to become a better professional. I feel knob speakers were a new development of mine, they give me an insight into their organisation, and they also give me information on how I could get work experience.New developments and changes to my personal values can benefit the service user. I could reflect more in action ra ther than later, use communication more effectively and user my possibility in different situations.To conclude I believe that personal values is very significant in influencing my own work in the health and social care sector. I have found that my values are similar to the values of the Care Value Base and the Northern Ireland Social Care Council. I have found that there is legislation to protect individuals from unconfidentiality and anti-discriminatory practice also to promote dignity and respect, effective communication and culture and beliefs. I have also explored my new developments and what changes I could make to my personal values to create more effective and efficient care.

In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and in The Fifth Child Essay Example for Free

In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and in The Fifth kid EssayIn Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and in The Fifth Child an outsider is more than and more released into an existing society destroying peace and goodness as it comes In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson the outsider is Mr Hyde. Dr Jekyll is a re exclusivelyy clever person who does not analogous having to be a good, respect suitable member of society and seek to live up to his reputation all the time. After living his life like this for a darn and becoming ever more frustrated by living like this he uses his knowledge of drugs and medical specialty and Mr Hyde is born as the evil side of Jekylls personality. In The Fifth Child by Doris Lessing the outsider is a boy called Ben the fifth of five children from a couple called David and Harriet. David and Harriet wanted a happy family life with many an(prenominal) children and a big house.This dream world was going fine until the outsider Ben is introduced. This essay i s going to feel at the similarities and differences between the two books and the two outsiders. The reader from the first time they are met views twain Ben and Hyde as outsiders. Harriet just after she has given birth to Ben puffs him as a troll or goblin This is for certain not the usual reaction a receive gives her new born child or shaft as Harriet describes him. Ben was not like early(a) new born babies he was muscular, yellow(a), long his forehead tip from his eyebrow to his crown. His h railway line grew in an unusual pattern from the double crown where started a wedge or triangle that came low on his forehead, the hair laying forward in a thick yellowish stubble. He did not look like a baby at all. The first time we construe Mr Hyde he is attacking a small child in the street trampled calmly over the childs physical structure which is not normal practice for the normal man in the street.Stevenson makes this more horrific by give tongue to it sounds vigor to hear however I think it does sound quite nasty to hear save it was hellish to see implying that it is much worse than it sounds. Mr Hydes appearance made the doctor who would usually have nothing to hold against Hyde turn sick and white with the desire to kill him. Later in the book Mr Utterson tries to describe Hyde at that place is something wrong with his appearance, something displeasing, something downright detestable. I never saw a man I so disliked and yet I scarce know why. He must be deformed somewhere, he gives a strong feeling of deformity, although I couldnt specify the point. All this suggests that Mr Hyde is not normal. Stevenson then goes to describe Hyde by dint of his house and his front door.Mr Hydes house lies just past a market that is described as having an air of invitation, like rows of smiling sales women. Mr Hydes house is nothing like this being situated in a court and is one of a sinister block of buildings this description immediately makes you imagine a sober house with dark anti-social inhabitants. Stevenson then goes on to say the house specify uped no windows, nothing but a door on a lower story and the door which was equipped with neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained all of this is not actually just describing the house but Hyde as well. It says Hyde is a dark anti-social man that does not like visitors and does not generally fit in. In The Fifth Child there is also an reject like Mr Hydes door used to describe, but this time peoples feelings and what is going on.This is the big table it is used to show the state of the family and relationships. The table near the beginning of the book before Ben is born is full of people at Christmas who are all happy and Christmassy but when Ben is born less and less people come just about until at the end of the book the table is totally empty apart from Harriet. Harriet is imagining what it used to be like before Ben was born with many people all enjoying themselves an d how much better it would have been without him. Mr Hyde and Ben are both violent people. Mr Hyde had trampled over a small child in the street and killed an MP with a base on balls stick both of these people were people that someone of Hydes age should have been stronger than, an old man and a small child. Ben had sprained his older brothers arm and attacked an older girl in the playground, both of these people should have been able to overpower someone of Bens age but Ben seems to be abnormally strong.When Ben was a small baby his mother did not breast-feed him like she did with her others because it hurt too much the child looked at her and bit, hard. This may suggest that Ben is more evil than Hyde in being able to attack people that should be stronger than him. Stevenson describes the event of Hyde trampling a small child in a different way to the way Lessing describes how Ben attacks a girl in the playground. Stevenson tells the story through Mr Enfield who is talking to Mr U tterson but Lessing uses Harriets thoughts to tell the story of Ben. Stevenson doesnt just describe what Hyde did to the girl he goes on and makes the incident more realistic and tries to compare Hyde with other things such as a steamroller to provoke more feeling in the reader it sounds nothing to hear but it was hellish to see.Lessing on the other hand describes Bens actions almost as a series of bullet points, stating what he did and nothing else he had pulled her down, bitten her and bent her arm back until it broke. For this reason, that Stevenson used more description in parts of his book I can find parts of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde more believable and mare memorable. These parts of the two books also show how far apart they were written. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson uses the word juggernaut, which then meant a large unstoppable force but in todays world has become to be associated with large lorries.Also in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde there are few women and the ones we do hear about are servants or maids but in the Fifth Child there are many women and one of the most important people in the book, Harriet, is a woman. We also do not hear many people called by their first names in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde but in the Fifth Child last names are seldom used. The title of this essay I reserve with most of except for the part that says, progressively released.This part of the statement is true for Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, as Mr Hyde is only truly understood at the end of the book he is not easy to describe. In the Fifth Child Ben is thrown into the middle of everything suddenly and can even be different before he was bound David felt a jolt under his hand. The second part of this statement destroying peace and goodness as it comes I totally agree with. In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Hyde causes Jekyll so much pain that eventually he commits suicide. In the Fifth Child Ben scares Harriet and David off having any more children and breaks the family apart by making some of Harriets other children go to boarding school and by making them go and live with relatives.

How do I write a report Essay Example for Free

How do I write a report judgeReport writing differs from essay writing beca spend it has a different purpose. Reports are common communication tools as they assist in the decision-making process. Written for a particular purpose, they usu eithery outline a problem, provide the applicable facts and ideas related to the situation, and then recommend a course of action.Reports are highly social organizationd so that training they contain lav be easily understood. Headings within the report allow the reader to select the separate they wish to read. Headings to a fault enable each section of the report to stand-alone. The structure of a report is heighten through the subprogram of subheadings, diagrams, tables, graphs, illustrations etc. Reports are highly structured so that information they contain can be easily understood. Headings within the report allow the reader to select the parts they wish to read. Headings also enable each section of the report to stand-alone. The str ucture of a report is enhanced through the use of subheadings, diagrams, tables, graphs, illustrations etc.As a student, you will be asked to write reports to show that you have investigated or researched a particular problem. Although each subject coordinator whitethorn have slightly different requirements and/or ways to structure reports, the following is an example of a basic report format. Remember to always check each athletic field Outline for individual subject requirements.A 10-step plan of how to write a report (Sanders 2000, p. 200).1. Consider the pay back of the report and who will read it.2. Plan your investigational approach.3. Gather information.4. Organise the information you have gathered.5. Analyse the genuine.6. purpose your conclusions.7. Decide your recommendations.8. Plan your writing.9. Write your draft.10. Edit and prepare the final copy.As presentation of your report is very(prenominal) important, you shouldfollow the guidelines recommended in your Subj ect Outlinecheck the accuracy of the support data and factscheck that your telephone circuit is logical and that the conclusion and recommendations flow logically from the data you have presentedexplain terms which the reader may not know, or where clarity requires itexplain symbols, abbreviations, diagrams and statistics if necessarylabel and number all diagrams tables graphsillustrations etc. be consistent in the use of a numbering systemheadings font size and typeuse a clear and concise style of writinglayout the report in a clear and alter formatbe meticulous with your use of referencescheck that your argument is logical and that the conclusion and recommendations flow logically from the data you have presented.Basic report formatTitle PageTable of Contents summary/Executive SummaryThis is tells your reader what the report is about as it describes the topics or issues discussed indicates the depth of the discussion as well asproviding a summary of the recommendations and reaso ns for them. It is usually one paragraph of approximately 120 scripts. commonly this is not include in your word count. If in doubt, check with your Subject Coordinator.1. IntroductionThis tells your reader what youre going to tell them in the body of your report. Your introduction gives the background to the report why it is useful what another(prenominal) objectives are the purpose of the report the limitations of the report2. HeadingThis is where you begin the discussion, outlining relevant facts and events. This is the main body of the report, and is dissever into sections (headings) and subheadings.2.1 Subheading2.2 Subheading2.3 Subheading3. Heading3.1 Subheading3.2 Subheading3.3 Subheading4. ConclusionThis is where you give an overview of the material presented in the discussion and an interpretation of the relevant facts and events.5. RecommendationsThese are drawn from your conclusions. Your recommendations outline the specific actions that are required. When elaborate your recommendations you may also need to consider who will action them how they will be measured and the timeframe for the recommendations. The priority that you place on each recommendation may also be required.ReferencesA listing of all resources referred to in the report assembled in author alphabetical order. These are not included in the word count. Refer to Topic 9 of this guide for more detail.AppendicesThe appendices include related materials, if appropriate. These are not included in the word count. These are optional for the reader, that is, the reader can choose whether they refer to them or not.

Peace Versus War Essay Example for Free

Peace Versus War EssayA state of war stern non achieve what intermission can. The forces of peace can rule over ignorance and superstition, over illiteracy and immorality, over unsoundness and physical suffering, over poverty and governmental oppression. The conquests of peace are nonviolent and bloodless. They cause no sorrowfulness to humanity and do not damage life or property.War causes streams of blood and untold havoc. single the victories of peace leave no maimed limbs or mutilated bodies, no ruined cities or baked fields. make up a superficial glance at the course of the two world wars will prove us that their victories were gained at an incalculable hail. The triumph of the First World War proved to be of a short duration. The victory itself sowed, in fact, the seeds of the Second World War.Who knows that the victory of World War- II whitethorn withal prove to be of an equally short duration and a third global war may even now be in the offing. The victories of Peace, however, are everlasting. They do not rankle in the sagacity of any nation and their fruits are enjoyed by all people.The victorious in war exploits the conquered people. The example is the strain of Germany and Japan by the forces of the allied countries. If the axis powers had won the war, they would have exploited the Allies in the same, if not in a worse way.Thus, victory in war is gained at a heavy cost of life, and also implies the annexation and enslavement of many territories and the exploitation of many more. The victories of peace, on the contrary, involve no slaughter of human beings and are, besides, of value to the entire world.Only peace social reforms. During war men are in addition busy in militaristic activities to think of social improvement. It is only during peace that a literacy campaign can be started, that the standard of living of the masses can be raised, that better houses can be construct for the poor, that more schools and colleges can be ope ned, that prisons can be reformed, that crime can be effectively checked. Even the proper working of democracy itself is possible only in times of peace.There can be no elections, no government of the people when a country is in the throes of war. Peace promotes democracy. In short, it is during peace that a general improvement is possible in cleanliness and decency, in refinement and taste, in habits and morals, in tact and speech. In peace, too, lies the opportunity for sports, for horse-racing, skiing, tennis, cricket, football and hockey tournaments and athletic contests of all kinds.It is often said in favor of war that it brings out the best in man by creating opportunities for human beings to display their great powers of endurance, their courage, their strength for self- sacrifice, their patriotism. This is true enough. In times of peace, people do tend to become lethargic and indolent. Too lots ease begets idleness and an indifference to work. But to applaud war because it stimulates men into activity would really be preposterous. So grim are the horrors of war and so devastating its effects that no defence of it on any ground whatsoever is possible.

Modelling Leadership Essay Example for Free

Modelling Leadership EssayMany people subscribe potentials of becoming leaders by virtue of their births, for instance, into royal families. Some others cashed in on the naivety and innocence of the people around and, before long, became leaders not necessarily by achievements but because they argon opportunist. I see real leadership emerging when a individual can in(predicate)ly jolt the life of others which in turn makes them willing followers. This is the category my headmaster falls into.My relationship with this man started a couple of years ago. As a teacher and mentor, he sees every opportunity for success in every child. He is by no means a disciplined man, yet he is patient role enough for any student. He is the headmaster, coordinating the teachers yet he is the teacher himself. He takes it as a responsibility to have a one-on-one contact with every students in the school and he has been successful at it in spite of all other official assignment competing for attent ion.Every student, to him, ask to chance himself his strengths and weaknesses. With my headmaster, the hardworking students still has rooms to do better if only he could discover how and the lazy students needs only to discover his areas of interests and concentrate on it for his success. This is what he seeks to do for each students by spending duration with them. An of course, he encourages the teachers to do likewise.In his words these little minds are going to become our leaders tomorrow and it is how well we impact them that determines what they do when they become our leaders -whether they lead us well or not. His trend has produced extensive changes in the life of students. Even other teachers are borrowing successfully from his style and they in turn are achieving great results with their students. I hope one of his products eventually rises to become the president of our great nation this will be a rewarding feather added to his cap.

Comparing and Contrasting Hinduism and Bhuddism Essay Example for Free

Comparing and Contrasting Hinduism and Bhuddism EssayBeing apply is what it takes for these two religions Hinduism and Buddhism. They be considered a way of life for some people. They are two of the most important and practiced religions in the world today. Millions of people partake in these historical religions. Hinduism dates back to 1500 B.C. Buddhism developed a little while after Hinduism. They both derived in the very rooted country India. Hinduism and Bhuddism harbour many another(prenominal) similarities and differences. Hinduism and Buddhism are very similar in many aspects. Both religions goal is to take a shit enlightenment. Enlightenment sum wisdom. In Hinduism it is described as moksha. In Buddhism it is described as Nirvana. In both religions they try and reach this state of perfect understanding. In both religions reaching this state of perfect understanding involves reincarnation.Reincarnation is cognise as rebirth. It is when an individual soul is born again and again until enlightenment is achieved. These two religions may be similar when it comes to their goal but they do have many differences that make the two separate religions. Hinduism and Bhuddism have huge differences. Both religions founder and origins are polar. In Hinduism is a collection of religious beliefs. It is the result of pagan diffusion. Because of that Hinduism has no founder. Non-Aryan and Aryan beliefs intertwined and developed into one religion. There are thousands of gods in this engaging religion. Unlike Hinduism in Buddhism there is a founder.Interestingly Bhuddism derived from the same period as Hinduism. Bhuddism is the result of religious questioning. Siddhartha Gautman aka Buddha is the founder of Bhuddism. He went on a quest to seek religious truth and an end to religious suffering. From then on he was called the enlightened one and Bhuddism was developed out of his discoveries and philosophy. In conclusion, Hinduism and Bhuddism have many things they make them different and alike. Hinduism and Bhuddism are what shaped peoples beliefs and understandings in that time period. These are the two religions that developed in the Vedic age. Currently almost 1/5th of the world today practiced these two religions. They are two very respected beliefs still being applied to lives today.

Themes in Othello Essay Example for Free

Themes in Othello EssayWhat are the major themes we have encountered in William Shakespeares Othello, so far in the play? Excellent wretch Peridition atch my soul But I do hunch forward thee and when I savour thee not, Chaos is come again. - Othello. There are many complex themes in Othello it is a play replete(p) of very diverse characters. This contrast of characters gives the text its many themes and in turn, makes it a very interesting and have play. Love Whenever I think of this text and its themes, there is unmatched that always stands out in my heed love. Whether it is the marital love between Othello and Desdemona, or the unrequited love Roderigo has for Desdemona, it is something that heavily features throughout this play. Where we see love most often depicted, is the love between Desdemona and Othello, and the problems it causes. Carol Thomas Neely supports this idea that marital love is one of the main themes in the play, and that because of this the primary conf lict is between men and women. Jealousy It is clear to see that the sunburn behind numerous conflicts in this text is jealousy.It is one of the primary reasons that Iago is so persistent in his end of Othello, and why Roderigo is so willing to help Iago in his scheming ploys. In my opinion, Iago displays the most jealous tendencies right-hand(a) from the start, stemming from the fact that Othello chose Cassio for the job of lieutenant, and not him. I know my price, I am worth no worsened a place. It might also have something do to with Iago thinking that Othello has slept with his wife Emilia. I hate the bind off And it is thought abroad that Itwixt my sheets Has done my office. I know not if it be trueYet I, for genuine suspicion in that kind, Will do as if for surety. D. R. Godfrey examines the portrayal of jealousy in Othello, and states that Iago exhibits an all cover jealousy and because of this Iago becomes the most altogether villainous character in all literary wor ks. Racism What a entire fortune does the deep-chested lips owe if he can carryt thus. This is one of the many racist slurs Iago uses when referring to Othello throughout the play. Othello is black, so I was expecting racism to be a relatively prominent theme, due to the time that this is set in.However, thick lips is a stereotypical view of someone from black origin, yet Othello is shown to be a hero true(p) and honourable, which would have been quite startling to the Elizabethan audience, considering that black quite a little in plays were always portrayed as villains. It is clear to see that Shakespeare challenges racial stereotypes right the way through this piece, something that Ruth Cowhig supports. She says that Shakespeares depiction of Othello as a noble character was challenging stereotypes.The majority of racism spoken throughout this text undoubtedly comes from Iago. Whenever he is talking ill of Othello, he refers to him as The Moor. Ruth Cowhig also writes about racism being another(prenominal) of the primary reasons for Iagos hatred towards him. Manipulation Iago makes role another of the prominent themes. He uses it constantly in a bid to get whatever he wants, as a means of belittling people and to purge a smoke screen up so that no-one suspects he has ulterior motives. The language he uses helps him evade people to the full extent.He comes across as very loyal and true, even though the recital audience knows he is scheming. I should be wise, for honestys a fool, and loses that it works for Here, he is saying that being honest is a bad thing, and that he will not be honest again. Of course he is referring to what he has been telling Othello about Cassio and Desdemona. He manipulates Roderigo on numerous occasions, but no- one does he manipulate as much as Othello. Iago picks and picks away at him until he is so precarious he contemplates awful deeds.The consequences of Iagos manipulation become abhorrent in Act Three, Scene Three. A vaunt, be gone Thou has set me on the rack I swear tis better to be much abused, than but to knowt a little. Othello comes across as a broken man, and its all down to Iagos manipulation and lies. Kenneth Muir believes that the reason Othello believes Iagos lies so easily, is because he is already insecure and allows himself to be influenced by him. The four themes I have chosen to write about Love, Racism, Manipulation and Jealousy, in my opinion, best display the texts complexity.It is a piece full of characters that, at some point, will display at least one of these themes. Shakespeares use of these themes and how he applies them to each character has made Othello one of the greatest pieces of literature ever to appear in the literary world. I am not what I am. This extremely seditious quote by Othello sums up not only himself, but much of the play as well. No-body is completely as they appear, thus bringing up the question of what exactly is Iago? An avenging angel possibly, co me to show people their true selves?Bibliography Othello Jealousy. Shakespeare for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 1998 Othello Race. Shakespeare for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 1. Detroit Gale, 1998. Mabillard, Amanda. Othello Analysis. Shakespeare Online. 19 Mar. 2000. Word Count- 988 words. Samantha Gibson Show house trailer only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be pitch in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

British Chocolate Manufacturers Essay Example for Free

British Chocolate Manufacturers EssayAfter reading The History of Chocolate by Diners Digest it is easy to understand that the main idea of the story is about the report of coffee. For example, how it all started and how it changed over the years. The history of chocolate a beverage and ended in a bar. To find with the history of chocolate all started with the Olmecs, an ancient civilization, in southern Mexico which thrived from 1500 B.C. to 400 B.C. therefore it got passed along to the Mayan civilization. The Mayans employ chocolate mainly as a drink. They usually flavored it with herbs, spices, or even chili. Then they shaked it back and forth to make it foamy. Next came the Aztecs, they thought the beverage was beneficial to warriors in battle. Another commission cocoa was apply was in currency. There was an official Aztec document saying a list of price equivalents. Next, a descendant of Mayans, the Kekchi Mayans presented crates of chocolate to Prince Philip. It was all frothed and ready to drunk by the Europeans.When Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus classified the cocoa bonce he gave it the scientific name of Theobroma which meant food of the gods in Greek. Another manufacturer, Coenrad Van Houten, produced a way for making chocolate powder. He did it using hydraulic pressure to remove the natural fat from it. Then that produced a hard cake which was crushed into powder. This was then mixed with water to make a chocolate drink. Next came the Joseph Fry Son, British chocolate manufacturers, which was founded by a Quaker. The Quaker was a doctor earlier finding that company. In 1847 they discovered a way of converting melted cocoa butter to Dutched cocoa butter (which was sweetened). This would create a paste that would be pressed into molds. This created a bar that turned to be a big hit.Last Daniel Peter (Swiss Chocolate Manufacturer) unsuccessfully repeatedly tried to make a draw flavored chocolate. But in 1867 Henri Nestle created the first milk chocolate bar. The milks low water content, that he made, made it possible to not spoil in storage. Another company named Celias Confections produced chocolate covered cherries. But the military put 3-4 chocolate bars in soldiers D-ration. It was meant to deem the soldier. The chocolate bar came to be associated with peace. Today chocolate is a major industry in the world. Americans polish 3.1 billion pounds of chocolate. Thats 11.7 pounds per person To sum it up the Olmecs found chocolate. Throughout the years it got changed and passed along to many civilizations. This is the the history of chocolate.

Wynn Resort Essay Example for Free

Wynn Resort EssayExecutive Summary1.) PurposeTo hunch over if what is the overall strategy of Steve Wynn to hold up Wynn Resorts, Ltd. on the right track and quite a remarkable fraternity.2.) contestation of the ProblemThere argon trio problems which I found out in the case, and these are the three challenges that Wynn will have to face, and the proximo may throw some curveballs along the way. First is need to in effect(p) a way to maintain the competitive advantage as increased competition is introduce twain domestically and abroad into the gaming industry. Second, The Macau government reserves the right to take control of the Wynn Casino in 2017 this would be detrimental to the profits for the company, and some solutions will need to be devised to ensure that the survival of the company is not majorly dependent on the revenues generated by Wynn Macau resort and casino. A third concern about future success, but certainly not the final concern, is the loss of Steve Wynn himself. Losing Steve Wynn would mean losing his expertise, passion and governmental ties. In the closely likely scenario, a loss of Steve Wynn may result in the sale of the firm to a competing company, much(prenominal) as MGM Inc.3.) Alternative Courses and ActionsWynn must focalize on differentiating the company by concentrating on the atmosphere and project of the resorts. Wynn Rsort must enhance customers service and luxury as full-service provider.4.) RecommendationWynn must not only focus to target high-end gaming customers, but he must also offer affordable goods and services to the middle-income clients. This divide includes vacationers and younger people looking for relatively inexpensive place to say with the understanding that most of their cipher will go to dining and entertainment.Methods of Analysis1. SWOT AnalysisSWOT ANALYSISStrengths 1. The great available strength Wynn Resorts, Ltd. has is the founder himself, Steve Wynn. 2. The resort has earned AAA five d iamond, Mobil five-star, Forbes five-star, and Michelin five star ratings for hotel, as salutary as one Michelin star for restaurant Wing Lei, and is considered to be one of the finest hotels in the world. 3. One of Wynn Resorts greatest merchandise strength is strategic development of its product. The product that Wynn sells is a luxury destination experience that makes customers ascertain pampered and value through high-quality amenities and customer service. 4. Steve Wynn is widely considered the Father of Luxury Gambling, and he is largely responsible for the image change and societal perspective change of the city of Las Vegas. Weaknesses 1.The companys empty dependence of Steve Wynn is a significant weakness. 2. Focusing solely on the high-end market could be a marketing weakness in that Wynn is missing a large customer base of middle-income clients. 3. Wynn Resorts biggest disadvantage is its youth. MGM Resorts and Caesars Entertainment are companies with history and territory. They have the majority of premier legal gambling locations such as Atlantic city under their thumb and they will create difficult barriers to entry for Wynn Resorts. Opportunities 1. As the boomers retire, they are spending to a greater extent money on leisure and recreation, and they are piling into the casinos, this growing represents an opportunity for the gaming industry and for Wynn Resorts specifically. 2. The development of a casino in Macau is a strategic opportunity.3. Wynn Macau provides the opportunity for cross-marketing with Wynn Las Vegas, because the target market segment in both Wynn Las Vegas and Wynn Macau is high income, customers have resources to travel and vacation in other parts of the world, which can make cross-marketing very effective. Threats 1. Social norms in the United States differ from those practiced in Macau and should not be universally applied. 2. The ability of the government to take control of the casino at any time it deems appropria te is a significant threat to the success of Wynn Resorts because it could lose control of its operation in Macau. 3. Another threat exists in the possibility of Wynn Resorts, Ltd. being unable to collect on its gaming debts. 4. The loss of Steve Wynn, himself.Bibliography1. http//www.studymode.com/essays/Swot-Analysis-Wynn-Ltd-946073.html 2. http//www.investingvalue.com/investment-leaders/steve-wynn/index.html

To Have a Baby Essay Example for Free

To pull in a Baby EssayWhen couples have their own babies, they will experience positive things in manner. For one, having a vitiate suffer change their life for the better as babies symbolize the miracle of life. Another is that it can overly bring joy and happiness into their lives while easing away any of their steamy burdens. Finally, it can besides train couples to become more responsible as they grow older. Babies symbolize the miracle of life and for perhaps the trounce reason. A newly born mess up provides people a reminder of the wonders of life. From the babys piteous arms and legs to the babys first cry, all of the things that a baby does are proofs of life and can only assure couples that their child is a symbol for their fruitful existence. Babies can ease any emotional burdens of couples since babies bring joy and happiness into their lives. A simple smile or chuckle from a baby can intimately lighten the mood of anyone, especially the parents of the baby . It can be said that the laughter of a baby is infectious those around a chuckling baby is sure to feel the same way, if not enactment in almost the same way as the baby.A bad day can easily turn into a bright and happy one when babies begin to smile at their parents. Having a baby is in itself a training process since the tasks involved in rearing a child from gestate onwards are crucial. From changing diapers to making the baby fall asleep in ones arms, all of the things that couples do for the welfare of their baby is a training process that nurtures them into becoming responsible individuals as parents and as members of the society.There are more positive things that babies can bring into the lives of couples, thereby making life happier for these people with fewer reasons, if any, to be disheartened. To raise a child from infancy is a challenging only if rewarding experience that can only be compared next to nothing. To have a baby is to fundamentally have all the reasons i n life to be happy and satisfied.

Examining The Impact Of Mentoring Desistance Among Prisoners Criminology Essay

Examining The Impact Of Mentoring Desistance Among Pris angiotensin-converting enzymers Criminology EssayThis chapter seeks to situate the importance of the stir of mentoring in promoting desistance among ex-prisoners, and why effective interventions such as mentoring which aim to reduce re anger be crucial for the offbeat of society and should therefore be explored in separate to discover which elements of such interventions do or do not promote desistance. A critical re passel of electric current relevant literary productions in the knit of mentoring and how it meetings on desistance leave behind be reported on and hopefully a gap deep down that literature will be set which this research will attempt to address.The Problem of ReoffendingThe Social Exclusion unit of alone tonement (SEU) has provided some of the roughly overwhelming statistics regarding reoffending ex-prisoners and has decl ard that Prison sentences are not succeeding in twist the majority of wrongd oers away from plague (2002 5). Fifty eight per penny of prisoners set freed in 1997 were reconvicted of an otherwise offence within 2 years of being released from custody, and of those, thirty six per penny excessively went on to receive an supernumerary prison sentence (SEU, 2002 5). Even though the Ministry of Justice (2010 2) declare that the proportion of ex-prisoners reoffending is actu onlyy falling (noting a decrease in re-offences from forty three per cent in the year 2000 cohort, to forty one per cent in the 2008 equivalent), and The Home Office recent Five Year strategy for protecting the Public and reduce reoffending (2006 9) claims Crime is going down. The risk of being a victim of crime is at the lowest take aim in 24 years, reoffending rates still remain persistently high.In conjunction with punishment, the reform of offenders is crucial to reducing reoffending and delivering umpire to the public. But when these figures quoted from the above sources are combine d they top for shocking reading and depending on how they are interpreted endure imply that current rehabilitative interventions which aim to reform offenders and reduce reoffending, are thus failing. This raises questions about how current rehabilitative interventions locoweed be improved to achieve their aims, or if recent interventions, such as mentoring for example, should be researched further, and employ much widely (and possibly in place of current strategies) if they show positive effects.RehabilitationCriminal Justice theories of rehabilitation broadly take the stance that crime is best prevented by working directly with offenders to address the personal, loving and economic factors nigh closely associated with their offending behaviour, which Canton and Edie term as their criminogenic needs (2008 93). Millie and Erol (2006 2) identify some examples of criminogenic needs as, substance misuse, poor educational and vocational skills, poor cognitive and interpersonal s kills, and antisocial attitudes. By focussing on these risk factors it is to a greater extent possible that an offender will palmyly rehabilitate (Millie and Erol, 2006 2) and desist from committing further crime.At the beginning of the twentieth century, penal policy was strongly influenced by a theory of rehabilitation. Unfortunately rehabilitative strategies failed to live up to the claim that they would reduce recidivism according to Martinson, resulting in his gloomy conclusion that nothing works (1974) and provoking a loss of confidence in the rehabilitative precedent during the 1970s and 80s in Britain (Hollin, 2005 7). However, by a series of meta-analytic reviews which developed the What Works agenda, and provided a compelling case against Martinsons (1974) declaration, Britain witnessed a remarkable resurgence of the rehabilitative ideal in the 1990s (Hollin, 2005 8).The general message of the meta-analyses that took place during the What Works movement was that when rehabilitative treatment was employ with offenders it could wee-wee small but noteworthy effects in terms of reducing reoffending. McGuire and Priestly (1995) synopsis their interpretation of these profound areas with a set of guiding principles, concluding that if followed they could lead to greater effectualness in program content and delivery. These guiding principles areRisk Classification- effective risk assessment is utter to be required for the accurate matching of the clients with the level of delivery of certain rehabilitative programmesFocus on criminogenic needsResponsivity- matching styles of learning between worker and service userCommunity based interventions preaching modality- a combination of skills-orientated, cognitive behavioural and other methodsProgramme integrity- that ensures programme aims are reflected in the methods used (McGuire and Priestly, 1995).However, it would be wrong to assume that the case for treatment was realised as it is difficult to derive the ask magnitude of this overall treatment effect (Hollin, 1999 3) from the meta-analyses, and perhaps more importantly because not all interventions that were researched had the aforementioned(prenominal) effect on recidivism, making the findings unreliable to a certain degree. Like all research methods, the meta-analysis move also has limitations, with Sharpe (1997) noting that mixing dissimilar studies into the analysis and only using published research (of which some king have involved poorly designed and conducted original studies), results in meaningless findings (cited in Hollin, 1999 7).This research will attempt to over off the beaten track(predicate)e some of the ambiguities that arose from the findings of the What Works era that although provided order of what does work with offenders in tackling reoffending generally, provided micro in-depth and meaning(a) evidence regarding what aspects of certain programmes (such as mentoring) promoted desistance amon g offenders and will seek evidence of this from service users themselves who have not traditionally been asked to comment on the service they receive (Ford et al, 1997).ResettlementAnother regale which aims to reduce the likeliness of prisoners reoffending upon release into the community is known as resettlement which although does hold out hope for the rehabilitation of offenders, focuses nearly of its aid on the pressing practical problems faced by many ex-prisoners, which if solved or at to the lowest degree significantly improved can go some way to reducing the likelihood of reoffending.The charity exploiter vocalise which draws on insights from offenders in order to develop strategies to reduce reoffending (User Voice, n.d) highlighted in its report The User Voice of the distressing justice system that gaining treatment, accommodation and work are key factors in the journey toward successful resettlement (2008 13). Likewise a report from the Home Office (Lewis et al, 20 03 8-9) which evaluated the findings from 7 pathfinder programmes placed an accent mark on providing a co-ordinated approach to practical resettlement problems and recommended that the gaps it identified in provision of work require to facilitate reintegration of offenders prompt a need for Improved partnership working with Employment Services, Benefits Agencies, local government activity and relevant voluntary/private sector agencies and access to a wider range of suitable caparison, among others.Recent jurisprudence and policy has attempted to combine ideas from theories of Rehabilitation and Resettlement and recommendations from reports such as those detailed in order to combat the problem of reoffending through various hot strategies and most importantly through the creation of the remove Offender Management Service. This has generally meant increased levels of alternative interventions being used in criminal justice in order to reduce reoffending, such as mentoring.Cur rent PolicyThe Governments Reducing Reoffending National natural process Plan (Home Office, 2004) translated the Social Exclusion Units recommendations most specifically (2002) into policy, with its core focus on the resettlement of prisoners aft(prenominal) release. This National Action Plan required the production of Reducing Re-offending Strategies and linking Action Plans for the delivery of key services which were divided into seven separate pathways including accommodation, education, training and physical exertion (ETE), mental and physical health drugs and alcohol finance, arrive at and debt children and families of offenders and attitudes thinking and behaviour (Maguire and Raynor, 2006 4).The delivery of these services enacted by the Home Office (2004) now takes place in a dramatically different organisational framework after the creation of NOMS which brought Probation and Prison under one heed system and most importantly for purposes of rehabilitation and resettleme nt introduced end to end offender management, meaning an offender would now be under the supervision of one manager throughout the whole of their sentence. This new innovation of end to end offender management implies the close involvement of partner agencies in service formulation and provision (Maguire and Raynor, 2006 5), and is an important move for triad sector organisations such as mentoring projects, who are now more and more seen to play an influential section in the resettlement of ex-prisoners and reducing reoffending. This optimism for third sector organisations is supported by the Ministry of Justice in reports such as Working with the third sector to reduce reoffending securing effective partnerships 2008-2011 (2007) and by NOMs in its consultation paper Volunteers Can Towards a volunteering strategy to reduce re-offending (2007).This newly found optimism for third sector organisations to be able to improve the chances of successful rehabilitation and resettlement thus reducing the likelihood of reoffending, has naturally lead to an increase in the prevalence and use of such organisations including mentoring projects, as part of criminal justice interventions.The Rise of MentoringJoliffe and Farrington (2007 2) note that mentoring is used in the criminal justice context to increase the behavior successes of separates who are at risk of reoffending by providing direct practical attendance (for e.g. filling out housing applications, assisting in searching for employment) and indirect support (for e.g. by acting as a positive role model). By providing individuals with both of these forms of support, mentoring aims to assist in reducing reoffending and increase positive life outcomes (Joliffe and Farrington, 2007 10). For the purpose of their self-opinionated review Tolan et al identify the following 4 aboriginal characteristics of mentoringInteraction of two individuals over an broaden catamenia of time.Inequality of experience or power b etween the mentor and the mentee (recipient) with the mentee possessing a greater share.The mentee is in a position to imitate and benefit from the knowledge, skill, ability, or experience of the mentor.The absence of the role inequality that typifies other helping relationships and is marked by professional training, certification, or predetermined status differences such as parent-child or teacher-student relationships (Tolan et al, 2008 6).Mentoring is a relatively new concept to the UK, peculiarly in the field of criminal justice. It is identified by Newburn and Shiner that mentoring originated as a formal response to social exclusion and social welfare problems in the US (2006 1), with one of the earliest mentoring programmes being identified as the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America (BBBSA) which was accomplished in 1904. The Big Brothers/Big Sisters programme has since expanded rapidly in the US and is used as a template by other mentoring organisations with similar vision s elsewhere in the World including the UK (Big Brothers Big Sisters, n.d) through ventures such as The Dalston Youth Project (DYP) and Big Brothers Big Sisters UK (Newburn and Shiner, 2006 2). Although, despite its increasing habituality mentoring continues to be associated with a number of difficulties.Defining mentoring becomes difficult due to the vast set of practises it can cover including one or all of the following coaching, facilitating, counselling, befriending, tutoring, teaching, role-modelling, buddying or life-styling (Phillip, 1999 Clutterbuck, 2002). It is these definitional problems combined with the contemporary nature of the intervention that creates further difficulty in assessing the value of mentoring, which is why there is piddling empirical research evaluating its impact, particularly concerning how or why it is or is not of benefit in promoting desistance (i.e. what aspects of mentoring impact on desistance) and not simply does it reduce recidivism.The Effe ctiveness of Mentoring close to evaluations of mentoring schemes have originated from the US and report generally favourable findings in relation to reducing reoffending. For example, Becker (1994) studied derelict youths who were involved in the Partners Inc. Mentoring programme and reported a 65-75% reduction in recidivism. In Joliffe and Farringtons rapid evidence assessment (2007) 18 studies were analysed in order to assess how successful mentoring is in reducing reoffending, with 7 of these wake a statistically significant positive impact on reoffending, demonstrating a 4 to 11 per cent reduction of subsequent offending for those involved in these mentoring schemes. It was storied though that this result was driven mainly by those studies with lower methodological value. The best studies that were designed to provide the most accurate assessment of the impact of mentoring actually suggested that mentoring did not cause a statistically significant reduction in reoffending. I t was also noted that due to the restricted time-period that their study had to be completed in, it was unrealistic to be able to include unpublished studies, difficult to obtain materials and foreign language studies. This can reduce confidence in the findings and also results in publication biases due to there being a greater tendency for statistically significant findings to be published over studies that show non-statistically significant findings.However, there are other advantages to mentoring, which may impact on reducing reoffending but which cannot be directly measured (For e.g. improving chances of gaining employment). Most research into mentoring appears to focus significantly on quantitative measures of success rather than qualitative approaches, which cleverness provide a weaken measure of its benefits. For example when Newburn and Shiner (2006) conducted a study of the Mentoring Plus scheme they did not find it impacted successfully on reducing re-offending per se, b ut they did find the impact of mentoring was strongest in relation to engagement with education, training and employment (a key pathway to aid reducing reoffending). But similarly to some other studies, they took a fabian approach in their conclusion of their evaluation by stating that mentoring faces an uncertain future (2006 17) but it has real authorization (2006 16).Clancy and colleagues (2006) have associated through the gate work with lower reconviction rates due to the mentor having already established a positive relationship with the mentee in custody and this being continued after release ( call also Hudson et al, 2007). This is supported by Hudson et al (2007) who highlight mentoring schemes as a shining strategy to assist ex-prisoners in settling in at their initial accommodation and assisting their progress afterwards.The structure of mentoring can also affect the success of mentoring schemes. Joliffe and Farrington (2007) found that the mentoring programmes that wer e most successful in reducing reoffending were those where the mentee and mentor met at least once a week and spent longer periods of time together when they met. St James-Roberts et al (2005) also identified that programmes lasting over ten months, including 15 meetings on average, and had a steering group, were recognised as most successful. They found that the characteristics of the mentee also had effects on outcomes too, reporting that mentees who were younger, had a lack of offending history and were distaff were most successful.Joliffe and Farrington (2007) noted that when mentoring occurred as part of a multi-modal programme, with a larger number of interventions involved, these programmes tended to be more successful in reducing reoffending. Pathfinder studies (Lewis et al, 2007) also provide support for the growth of interventions based close to a combination of cognitive-motivational work and facilitating offenders access to service agencies.Other benefits of mentoring on reducing reoffending have come from Clancy et al who completed a review of the Transitional Support Scheme (TSS) which provided mentoring for offenders in Wales. The study reason out that the scheme produced statistically significant changes in offenders attitudes to crime and that offenders found assistance completing forms and managing finances the most useful aspect of mentoring (2004, as cited in Ministry of Justice, 2008 10-12). Furthermore another vital factor in the authorization of the scheme was that the mentors were understood by offenders to be detached from the criminal justice system, therefore mentees were more likely to participate in a relationship with them.The most recent systematic review of mentoring schemes has come from the Campbell collaborationism in the US (Tolan et al, 2008). The study evaluated the effects of the mentoring interventions included in their study on delinquency outcomes for youthand key associated outcomes (2008 5). The Review concluded that when the 39 included studies were analysed for outcomes measuring delinquency or closely related outcomes it suggests mentoring for tough youth has a modest positive effect for delinquency, aggression, drug use, and achievement (2008 8). They noted that effects were strongest when delirious support was a key process in mentoring interventions (2008 8). However, Tolan et al are wary not to make any sweeping conclusions about what elements of mentoring make it an effective intervention by stating that the valuable features and most promising approaches cannot be stated with any certainty, putting this down to the remarkable lack of description of key features or basic program organization in the studies included in their review (2008 8). They finally call for more careful design and testing of mentoring effects to provide the needed specificity to guide effective practice of this popular approach (2008 5).On the whole mentoring seems to be a promising intervention and the elem ents which have been identified as making it effective, have been highlighted, but there is still a lack of research into mentoring effectiveness from the UK, especially concerning its impact on adult rather than young offenders or at risk individuals. This implies that most mentoring projects in the UK have begun due to a leap of faith. Most studies that have been published into the effectiveness of mentoring so far have also been overly concerned with quantitative analyses of mentoring with the majority only being interested in reconviction rates, resulting in them only been able to provide some general and tentative statements about what specific elements of mentoring might impact on its ability to reduce reoffending. This ignores the possibility that qualitative approaches may provide a better measure of the benefits of mentoring, as they are able to assess the numerous indirect impacts mentoring may have on desistance in the long run. in that location is also a lack of studies focussing on the thoughts of the service user and as it is ultimately only the offenders themselves who can stop reoffending it is vital that their views on how this should be done are taken into account, this is reinforced by Matzas method of appreciation in which aim is to comprehend and illuminate the subjects view and to interpret the world as it appears to him (1969 25).The Process of DesistanceFarrall and Calverley describe desistance as the process of ending a period of involvement in offending behaviour (2006 1). This definition recognises that the study of desistance is not primarily concerned with whether an individual has committed further crime or not but rather the journey towards becoming a non-offender. Maruna (1998) supports this by claiming desistance is not an event but a process (as cited in Farrall, 2002 65) and Laub et al define desistance as a gradual movement away from criminal offending (1998 3).It has been widely agreed that one of the most important influe nces on future offending patterns is a change in offenders thinking as good as their circumstances. For example Zamble and Quinsey who concluded from their study of released male prisoners in Ontario that habitual offending is best predicted by looking at an individuals acquired ways of reacting to common situations (1997 147) and that pessimistic or negative reactions to common problems for many prisoners can lead them to give up on attempts to lead a crime free life. Similarly Marunas (2000) interview-based study lead to him conclude that what he terms different kinds of narrative (or the personal understandings or accounts of behaviours and situations) can each support desistance or continued offending. Maruna found that a key factor in narratives that promote desistance was the feeling that the offender had begun to take control of their life, where as in comparison those still offending seemed to have little vision of what the future might hold, but desisting interviewees ha d a plan and were optimistic they could make it work (2000 147).DiClemente and Prochaska (1982) identify a broad cycle of change with specific stages Pre-contemplation Contemplation Action Maintenance, which good deal might pass through when attempting to change any previously habitual behaviours. A persons readiness can be affected by a range of factors which might include among others major life events, age, physical and social circumstances and social bonds (Maguire and Raynor, 2006 24). Burnett instead refers to a zig-zag path of desistance which involves reversals of decision, indecision, compromise and lapses, and suggests that if interventions are to facilitate the desistance process this ubiquitous state of ambivalence should be fully acknowledged and addressed (2004 169).Another element which many writers agree is a central component in the process of desistance is the generation and maintenance of motivation (See Maruna, 2000 Maruna and Immarigeon, 2004). But however stro ng a persons narrative or motivation to change is, this can be seriously frustrated by a range of social problems, such as persistent accommodation problems or barriers to employment (Burnett and Maruna, 2004 8).As people undergo a process of change and begin to desist they will also need new skills and capacities appropriate to their new lifestyle, and access to opportunities to use them (Maguire and Raynor, 2006 8). They will need to acquire new social and serviceman capital, with human capital referring to the skills and knowledge that an individual possesses and social capital being conceptualised as socially structured relationships between individuals, in families and in aggregations of individuals in neighbourhoods, churches, schools and so on (Hagan and McCarthy, 2007 as cited in Farrall, 2004 60). It is suggested that if ex-offenders do not have access to these new appropriate social capital and human capital then the process of desistance could be slowed down (Farrall, 2 004) which the use of a volunteer mentor would hopefully overcome.Maguire and Raynor (2006) suggest that many of the observations exposit above from desistance theorists have implications for interventions aiming to reduce recidivism and the following points should be taken into account by those involved in the resettlement of offenders, such as mentors or probation officers, in order to foster change and reduce reoffendingThere is a need to respond to offenders individual needs rather than applying a one size fits all series of interventions.It is important that the offender takes the lead in the process of change or that it is understood as a shared effort between the offender and one attempting to foster change in them. forceful support required in order to maintain the motivation of the offender.It is imperative that assistance is given in taking advantage of opportunities to improve the lifestyle of the offender and in attaining relevant skills for them.Motivation of the offen der can be maintained by overcoming social and practical problems.It should be expected that relapses will occur, whereby the offender locomote back into previous patterns of behaviour, but this should not act as an indication that desistance has failed (Maguire and Raynor, 2006 8).Like many of the studies of mentoring that have already been discussed Maguire and Raynor (1997) also highlight the importance of throughcare, suggesting this may increase the chances of interventions being effective, and the offenders involved desisting. They define throughcare as encompassing the following characteristicsEarly preparation for release and planning.Creation of a close relationship with the offender before they are released from prison.A focus on continuity between work started with individuals whilst they are in custody with work taking place upon release.The provision of any required services (for example a drug treatment worker) as soon as is possible after their release (Maguire and R aynor, 1997).As has been turn out through the evaluation of previous studies into the impact of mentoring on reoffending, as a rehabilitative intervention and one which aims to aid the resettlement process, it has huge potential to be able to curb offending behaviour. However little research has yet to be done into what impact mentoring can have as part of the whole process of desistance and what it is about mentoring that specifically encourages or discourages the mentees to desist in the long run. Maguire and Raynor (1997 2006) have gone at least some way to link how interventions should be structured in order to promote desistance, and this oration will be exploring this process in relation to the specific intervention of mentoring.